Financial Risk Management

Learn about RAROC (Risk-Adjusted Return on Capital) — the formula banks use to measure risk-adjusted performance, allocate capital across business lines, and price loans.

Compare the three Value at Risk methods — parametric, historical simulation, and Monte Carlo — to understand their trade-offs and choose the right approach for your portfolio.

Learn how to decompose portfolio Value at Risk into component contributions. Understand marginal VaR, component VaR, and incremental VaR for better risk management and position sizing.

Enterprise risk management aggregates market, credit, and operational risk into a firm-wide framework. Learn how economic capital serves as common currency, RAROC enables integration, and ERM governance structures support board-level oversight.

Learn risk management lessons from five major financial disasters: Barings Bank, Orange County, LTCM, Amaranth Advisors, and the London Whale. Each case study reveals what risk was missed and how to prevent similar failures.

Learn how to allocate risk across a portfolio using component VaR. Understand risk budgeting formulas, examples, and how it differs from mean-variance optimization.

Learn how to validate VaR models through backtesting, including the Kupiec POF test, Basel traffic light system, and Christoffersen conditional coverage test.

Learn how to measure and manage liquidity risk using bid-ask spreads and Liquidity-Adjusted VaR (LVaR), with real-world lessons from the 1998 LTCM crisis and the 2008 financial crisis.

How investment managers use VaR to measure active risk, set position limits, and meet regulatory disclosure requirements for UCITS and Form ADV.

Learn about operational risk management: the Basel definition, seven event categories, BIA/TSA/AMA capital approaches, the Basel III Standardised Measurement Approach (SMA), and how banks use KRIs and loss databases to monitor operational exposures.

In this blog article, we will demonstrate how to calculate the Value at Risk (VaR) for a portfolio of stocks using the parametric method, also known as the variance-covariance method. The parametric method estimates VaR by assuming that portfolio returns follow a normal distribution. We will use Python and the yfinance library to download historical […]

In this blog post, we will demonstrate how to perform Value at Risk (VaR) calculations using the historical method for a portfolio of stocks. We’ll use Python and the yfinance library to download historical stock price data and then calculate VaR for an equally weighted portfolio. Setting Time Range and Tickers First, let’s set the […]