Equities

REITs let investors access commercial real estate income through liquid, publicly traded securities. Learn the 90 percent distribution requirement, FFO and AFFO valuation, REIT types, tax implications, and portfolio fit.

International diversification reduces portfolio risk by investing across countries with imperfect correlations. Learn the benefits, currency risks, home bias costs, and how to build a globally diversified portfolio.

Growth vs value investing is one of the oldest debates in finance. This guide explains the differences between growth and value styles, the historical value premium, how interest rates drive style rotation, and how to blend both approaches in your portfolio.

Momentum investing buys stocks with strong recent performance and sells those with weak performance, exploiting one of the most robust anomalies in finance. Learn how the momentum factor works, why behavioral biases drive it, and the crash risks that make it unsuitable as a standalone strategy.

The equity risk premium (ERP) is the expected excess return investors demand for holding stocks over risk-free government bonds, and it is the single most important input in asset pricing models like the CAPM and WACC.

The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) states that stock prices reflect all available information, making it impossible to consistently beat the market. Learn the three forms of market efficiency, evidence for and against EMH, and what it means for your investment strategy.

An IPO (initial public offering) is the first time a company sells shares to the public on a stock exchange. This guide covers the 7-step IPO process, the underpricing puzzle, lock-up periods, SPACs vs direct listings, dual-class share structures, long-run IPO performance, and how to evaluate newly listed stocks.

The Fama-French three-factor model extends CAPM by adding size (SMB) and value (HML) factors, explaining roughly 90% of diversified portfolio return variation versus approximately 70% for CAPM alone.

Dividend yield measures how much income a stock pays relative to its price. Learn the trailing and forward yield formulas, how to interpret yield by sector, and how to spot dangerous yield traps before they destroy your income stream.

The current ratio and quick ratio measure a company’s ability to meet short-term obligations. Learn the formulas, how to interpret liquidity ratios, and key differences between the current ratio, quick ratio, and cash ratio.